What is a UTR variant?
What is a UTR variant?
The UTRs are the mRNA sequences flanking the beginning and end of the coding sequence; as their name suggests, UTRs are part of the mRNA but are not translated into protein. Notably, 3.7% of the genetic variants detected in GWAS studies are located in the UTRs.
What happens if there is a mutation in 5 UTR?
Mutations that disrupt the functional elements of the 5′-UTR are often associated with diseases. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5′-UTR are associated with individual’s drug response and disease risk.
What is a 3 prime UTR variant?
In molecular genetics, the three prime untranslated region (3′-UTR) is the section of messenger RNA (mRNA) that immediately follows the translation termination codon. Regulatory regions within the 3′-untranslated region can influence polyadenylation, translation efficiency, localization, and stability of the mRNA.
What is the 5 prime and 3 prime UTR?
In molecular genetics, an untranslated region (or UTR) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a coding sequence on a strand of mRNA. If it is found on the 5′ side, it is called the 5′ UTR (or leader sequence), or if it is found on the 3′ side, it is called the 3′ UTR (or trailer sequence).
What does UTR stand for?
Unique Taxpayer Reference numbers
Unique Taxpayer Reference numbers (or UTRs) are 10-digit codes that uniquely identify you or your business. They’re used by HMRC whenever they’re dealing with your tax. From claiming a tax refund to filing a Self Assessment tax return, your UTR will make sure the taxman always knows who he’s talking to.
What is the significance of UTRs present in the mRNA Strand?
UTRs are known to play crucial roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, including modulation of the transport of mRNAs out of the nucleus and of translation efficiency [3], subcellular localization [4] and stability [5].
What is the role of the 5 UTR?
The 5′ untranslated region (UTR) contains secondary and tertiary structures and other sequence elements. RNA structures such as pseudoknots, hairpins and RNA G-quadruplexes (RG4s), as well as upstream open reading frames (uORFs) and upstream start codons (uAUGs), mainly inhibit translation.
Is the 5 UTR transcribed?
The 5′ untranslated region (UTR) is a regulatory region of DNA situated at the 5′ end of all protein-coding genes that is transcribed into mRNA but not translated into protein. 5′UTRs contain various regulatory elements (Fig. 1b) and play a major role in the control of translation initiation.
How do you get 3 prime UTR?
A common approach is to obtain cDNA sequence and use a sequence translation software program (e.g. ExPASy) to find the longest ORF. In most cases, the sequence between the 5’end and the start codon of the longest ORF will be the 5’UTR. The sequence between the stop codon and the poly(A) will be the 3’UTR.
What is the function of 3 UTR of mRNA?
3′ untranslated regions (3′ UTRs) of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are best known to regulate mRNA-based processes, such as mRNA localization, mRNA stability, and translation.
What are 5 UTR and the 3 UTR?
5′ UTR is the portion of an mRNA from the 5′ end to the position of the first codon used in translation. The 3′ UTR is the portion of an mRNA from the 3′ end of the mRNA to the position of the last codon used in translation.
How many human 5’UTR variants are naturally occurring?
We test 35,212 truncated human 5′ UTRs and 3,577 naturally occurring variants and show that the model predicts ribosome loading of these sequences. Finally, we provide evidence of 45 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) associated with human diseases that substantially change ribosome loading and thus may represent a molecular basis for disease.
How are 5’UTRs used to predict protein expression?
Together with a genetic algorithm, we use the model to engineer new 5′ UTRs that accurately direct specified levels of ribosome loading, providing the ability to tune sequences for optimal protein expression.
Why is the 5 ′ UTR called an untranslated region?
While called untranslated, the 5′ UTR or a portion of it is sometimes translated into a protein product. This product can then regulate the translation of the main coding sequence of the mRNA. In many organisms, however, the 5′ UTR is completely untranslated, instead forming complex secondary structure to regulate translation.
How does the 5 ′ UTR affect translation initiation?
Ultimately, these data suggest that each TIS sequence can uniquely tune translation initiation to a fine degree. Translation initiation and elongation are also affected by RNA secondary structure that forms within 5′ UTRs and CDSs, with the strongest structures (i.e., lowest free energy) showing the most negative effect on translation 17, 25.