What is the non-dipper phenomenon?

What is the non-dipper phenomenon?

“Non-dipper” pattern refers to a diurnal change of BP in which the nocturnal decrease of BP is attenuated or absent. The clinical importance of alteration of the diurnal change of BP has been further proved by the fact that the non-dipper pattern of BP variation is associated with progression of end-organ damage.

What is dipper pattern?

Dipper pattern was defined when the average blood pressure (BP) at rest was between 10% and 20% below the average of the activity BP. We have considered as low vascular risk those from light to moderate levels, and the rest as high vascular risk.

What is masked hypertension?

Masked hypertension is defined as a normal blood pressure (BP) in the clinic or office (<140/90 mmHg), but an elevated BP out of the clinic (ambulatory daytime BP or home BP>135/85 mmHg).

Is non-dipper hypertension bad?

A nondipping pattern is associated with cardiovascular risk factors, target organ damage, and risk of future cerebrovascular events and secondary hypertension. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), carotid intima-media thickening, microalbuminuria, and cerebrovascular diseases are much more prevalent in nondippers.

What causes non dipping blood pressure?

It can be the consequence of barroreflex or autonomic dysfunction, relative nocturnal volume overload, and abnormal sodium handling. Long-standing or severe hypertension, hyperaldosteronism, diabetes, autonomic dysfunction, and chronic renal disease have been associated with a higher prevalence of nondipper pattern.

What is non dipping blood pressure?

Loss of the normal nocturnal decline in blood pressure (BP), known as non-dipping, is a potential measure of cardiovascular risk identified by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM).

What does extreme dipper mean?

Extreme dippers are defined as patients with the nocturnal SBP fall ≥20%; dippers, reduction of ≥0% and <20%; and nondippers, reduction <0%.

What is diastolic hypertension?

In various guidelines, isolated diastolic hypertension is defined as diastolic blood pressure >80 or >90mmHg in individuals with normal systolic blood pressure.

What causes masked hypertension?

What causes masked hypertension? Masked hypertension can occur if your home or work environment is more stressful than at your doctor’s office. Use of alcohol, caffeine or cigarettes at home can also cause increased blood pressure.

Is masked hypertension real?

Yes. This phenomenon—when your blood pressure reading is normal at the doctor’s office but high at home—is known as masked hypertension.

What is non dipping hypertension?

Some OSAS patients lack the sleep-related, nocturnal decrease, or “dip,” in blood pressure which is seen in normal individuals. These subjects, called “non-dippers,” may be at greater risk for cardiovascular problems.

What is nocturnal hypertension?

Nocturnal hypertension is a common complication of essential and secondary hypertension. Abnormal circadian blood pressure patterns associated with elevated sleep blood pressure include nondipping and reverse dipping, both of which are associated with increased target-organ damage and adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

When does a medication error become an adverse drug event?

A medication error is an error (of commission or omission) at any step along the pathway that begins when a clinician prescribes a medication and ends when the patient actually receives the medication. An adverse drug event (ADE) is defined as harm experienced by a patient as a result of exposure to a medication.

Are there any medication errors that are preventable?

It is generally estimated that about half of ADEs are preventable. Medication errors that do not cause any harm—either because they are intercepted before reaching the patient or because of luck—are often called potential ADEs.

What are the most common reasons for medication dispensing errors?

[1][2] The most common reasons for errors include failure to communicate drug orders, illegible handwriting, wrong drug selection chosen from a drop-down menu, confusion over similarly named drugs, confusion over similar packaging between products, or errors involving dosing units or weight.

Why are there so many over the counter medication errors?

Over-the-counter medications can lead to medication errors because labels may not be sufficiently read or understood, and health care providers are often unaware when patients are taking over-the-counter medications. The types of errors described above are primarily errors of commission.