What is the ERK1 2 pathway?

What is the ERK1 2 pathway?

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) cascade is a central signaling pathway that regulates a wide variety of stimulated cellular processes, including mainly proliferation, differentiation, and survival, but apoptosis and stress response as well.

How does MAPK enter nucleus?

In response to extracellular stimuli, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK, also known as ERK) translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. These results suggest that monomeric and dimeric forms of MAPK enter the nucleus by passive diffusion and active transport mechanisms, respectively.

What is ERK1?

As a member of the mitogen‑activated protein kinase family, ERK1/2 (extracellular signal‑regulated protein kinase) has an important role in delivering extracellular signals to the nucleus, and these signals regulate the cell cycle, cell proliferation and cell development.

What does the PI3K pathway do?

PI3K-Akt Pathway is an intracellular signal transduction pathway that promotes metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis in response to extracellular signals. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates.

How does the MAPK pathway work?

MAPK pathways relay, amplify and integrate signals from a diverse range of stimuli and elicit an appropriate physiological response including cellular proliferation, differentiation, development, inflammatory responses and apoptosis in mammalian cells.

How does DNA damage cause ERK1 / 2 to activate?

Low doses of DNA damage resulting from cancer therapy cause ERK1/2 to induce senescence, whereas higher doses of DNA damage fail to activate ERK1/2, and thus induce cell death by apoptosis. ^ Rao VN, Reddy ES (July 1994). “elk-1 proteins interact with MAP kinases”.

How are ERK1 and ERK2 protein kinases found?

Two similar (85% sequence identity) protein kinases were originally called ERK1 and ERK2. They were found during a search for protein kinases that are rapidly phosphorylated after activation of cell surface tyrosine kinases such as the epidermal growth factor receptor. Phosphorylation of ERKs leads to the activation of their kinase activity.

How is the dephosphorylation of ERK1 / 2 regulated?

The regulatory dephosphorylation of ERK1/2 is mediated by protein-tyrosine specific phosphatases, protein-serine/threonine phosphatases, and dual specificity phosphatases. The combination of kinases and phosphatases make the overall process reversible.

Which is an extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase?

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) is also known as “extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2” (ERK2). Two similar (85% sequence identity) protein kinases were originally called ERK1 and ERK2. They were found during a search for protein kinases that are rapidly phosphorylated after activation…